Students
Glossary
A
Advocacy: Active support of a cause.
Alienation: The state of being an outsider or the feeling of being isolated from society.
Anti-global: The anti-globalisation movement is critical of globalisation. The movement is also commonly referred to as the global justice movement or alter globalisation movement, or movement against neo-liberal globalisation.
Anti-racism: The policy or practice of opposing racism and promoting racial tolerance.
Authority: Often related to matters of power, to be authoritarian or a system of leadership based on obedience; forms of authority may be traditional, charismatic and devolved, or centralised.
B
Betting: The action of gambling money on the outcome of a race, game or other unpredictable event.
Black Power: A movement in support of rights and political power for black people
C
Capitalism: A system of production in which human labour and its products are commodities that are bought and sold in the marketplace.
Cartel: Where two or more businesses reach a formal or informal agreement to limit competition among themselves (for example, by fixing similar prices).
Civil society: Different versions of civil society exist. Originally, it referred to a political community or society governed by law under the authority of the state. More commonly, it has been seen as a realm of autonomous groups or associations that are distinguished from the state. Talking of global civil society usually means a global public sphere where civic activists, social movements, and individuals contest the public sphere. Civil society is widely used as a descriptive and normative concept to assess the balance between state authority, private bodies and associations.
Collective good: A public good that cannot be withheld from any members of a group or population, regardless of whether or not they work to achieve it.
Communitarianism: Advocacy of a social order in which individuals are bound together by common values that foster close communal bonds.
Community: A social network or group of interacting individuals, usually, but not always, concentrated in a defined territory; a human association in which members share common symbols and wish to cooperate to realise common objectives.
Constructivist: An approach that concerns itself with the centrality of ideas and human consciousness and stresses a holistic and idealist view of structures.
Corruption: Dishonest, fraudulent conduct, often by those in power.
Cosmopolitan: Composed of people or elements from all parts of the world or from many different spheres.
Crime: An act or omission prohibited and punished by law, often culturally specific, but also framed by international laws.
Culture: The total of the inherited ideas, beliefs, values and knowledge that constitute the shared bases of social action.
Cultural relations: Reciprocal, non-coercive, transnational interactions between two or more cultures. They encompass a range of activities that are conducted both by state and non-state actors within the space of cultural or civil society. The overall outcomes of greater cultural relations are greater connectivity, better mutual understanding, more and deeper relations, mutually beneficial transactions and enhanced sustainable dialogue between states, peoples, non-state actors and cultures.
D
Democracy: A political or social unit governed ultimately by all of its members.
Dependence: The state of being connected to and subordinate to someone or something.
Development: A multidimensional process that normally denotes a change from a less to a more desirable state.
Difference: The state or relation of being different; the degree to which one person or group differs from another.
Diplomacy: In foreign policy, refers to the use of diplomacy as a policy instrument, possibly in association with other instruments, such as economic or military power. Usually guided by foreign policy of a country and, therefore, is usually unilateral. It functions to help with communication and exchange, negotiate international agreements, gather intelligence, minimize the effect of friction in international relations, and represent states in world affairs.
Disability: The consequence of being unable to perform a task or function because of a physical or mental impairment. Disability sports groups are classified by degree of function. Disability is an umbrella term, covering impairments, activity limitations, and participation restrictions. Thus, disability is a complex phenomenon, reflecting an interaction between features of a person’s body and features of the society in which he or she lives.
E
Economics: The social science concerned with the production and consumption of goods and services, and the analysis of the commercial activities of a society.
Eco-centrism: A point of view that recognises the ecosphere, rather than the biosphere, as central in importance, and attempts to redress the imbalance created by human influence.
Emancipation: To free from restriction or restraint, the act of freeing or liberating.
Environmental determinism: The belief that human activities are controlled by the environment. A more general synonym is ‘environmentalism’.
Environmental movement: Networks of informal interactions involving individuals, groups and/or organisations that are engaged in collective action motivated by shared identity or concerns about environmental issues.
Epistemology: The study of how we can claim to know something. It is about our theories of knowledge.
Ethnicity: The fact or state of belonging to a social group that has a common national or cultural tradition.
F
Fairtrade: Fairtrade is a trading partnership based on dialogue, transparency, and respect that seeks greater equity in international trade.
Faith: Confident belief in the truth, value or trustworthiness of a person, idea or thing.
Feminism: Many definitions exist: equal rights for women; the protest of women against a subordinate social status; a social movement for equality and justice; an intellectual and activist movement based on the recognition that patriarchy has privileged men and perpetuated gendered and sexual division of labour.
Foreign policy: A country’s foreign policy, closely related to foreign relations or foreign affairs policy, is closely associated with a nation’s self-interest and involves strategies chosen by the state to safeguard a nation’s interests and achieve its international goals.
Fourth World: Used to represent the people in regions that are bypassed by some forms of technology, it can also be synonymous with stateless, poor and marginalized.
Freedom: The state of being free or at liberty.
Fundamentalism: Strict adherence to a specific set of theological doctrines.
G
Gambling: The wagering of money or something of value on an event with an uncertain outcome, with the primary intent of winning additional money and/or material goods. Gambling requires consideration, chance and prize.
Gender: A form of social division, an understanding of male, female and transgender differences that owes much to second-wave feminism, which drew attention to sexual divisions in society, a set of social arrangements based on gender. The social, biological and cultural construction of masculinity, femininity and transgender.
Globalisation: A historical process involving a fundamental shift or transformation in the spatial scale of human social organisation that links distant communities and expands the reach of power relations across regions and continents. It is also something of a catchall phrase often used to describe a single world economy after the collapse of communism, though sometimes employed to define the growing integration of the international capitalist system growing in the post-war period.
Global governance: The evolving system of political coordination among public authorities and private agencies seeking to realise common purposes or resolve collective problems through the making and implementing of global or transnational norms, rules, programmes and policies.
Green sport: A green sport event is a sporting event that stresses utilising greener resources.
Governance: The resolution of conflicts of interest. It can occur at every level in society; it is inherent in social relationships and organisations, and is more than government. It may be viewed by some as the art of government.
H
Hard power: The importance of hard power (military force) in working with soft power as part of a smart power strategy operates within the framework of foreign policy or enforcing international agreements.
Health: The general condition of the body or mind with reference to soundness and vigour.
Heritage: Something inherited at birth, such as personal characteristics, status and possessions.
Historiography: The art of, or employment of, writing history.
Homeless: Homeless households are those households without a shelter that would form within the scope of living quarters.
Humanitarian: Pertaining to the saving of human lives or to the alleviation of suffering; a person actively engaged in promoting human welfare and social reforms, such as a philanthropist.
Human capital: Consists of the resources possessed by the individual who can dispose of them with great freedom and without concerns for compensation.
Human development: A capability-orientated approach to development that seeks to expand the range of things that people can do and can be. It recognises that an inequality gap may exist in terms of different capabilities in different parts of the world, which contributes to uneven development.
Humanitarian intervention: The principle that the international community has a right to intervene in states that have suffered large-scale loss of life or genocide, whether owing to deliberate action by its government or because of the collapse of broader governance.
Human rights: Rights that people are entitled to by virtue of being human. Article I of the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights claims that all human beings are born free and equal in terms of dignity and rights. Distinguished from civil rights on the grounds that they are moral principles claiming universal jurisdiction, are fundamental and are claimed to be absolute.
I
Identity: The understanding of the self in relationship to an ‘other’. Identities are social and thus are always formed in relationship to others. Constructivists generally hold that identities shape interests: we cannot know what we want unless we know who we are. But, because identities are social and are produced through interactions, identities can change.
Impairment: An impairment is a problem with a body function or structure; an activity limitation is a difficulty encountered by an individual in executing a task or action, whereas a participation restriction is a problem experienced by an individual in involvement in life situations.
Imperialism: Domination or control by one country or group of people over others, in ways assumed to be at the expense of the latter.
Informatics: The science of information.
Internationalisation: The term is used to denote high levels of international interaction and interdependence. The term is often used to distinguish the position from globalisation. The processes of internationalisation are often shaped by inter-state and transnational agreements.
L
Life chances: The life chances approach to understanding health recognises that a gap exists between different communities and places, and the challenge for governments is to narrow the gap in health differences between groups of people. Central to this framework is the question of how to narrow the gap in life chances between the most disadvantaged and the rest.
Lifestyle: A way of life or style of living that reflects the attitude and values of a person or group.
Living Wage: A wage that is high enough to support a normal standard of living.
M
Marginality: Considered to be marginal, on the periphery, insignificant, not considered to be central, minor.
Match-fixing: The action or practice of dishonestly determining the outcome of a match before it is played.
Millennium Development Goals: A set of time-limited targets and commitments enshrined within the United Nations Millennium Declaration to improve eight areas. The original 2015 goals are now in the process of being replaced with a post-2105 agenda.
Monopoly: Exclusive control of the market supply of a product or service.
Multiculturalism: The state or condition of bring multicultural and/or the preservation of different cultures or cultural identities within a unified society, state and/or nation.
N
Nationalism: The idea that the world is divided into nations that provide the overriding focus of political identity and loyalty, which in turn demands national self-determination.
Neo-liberalism: Represents the reassertion of the classical liberal concern to promote the maximum possible liberty and/or economic efficiency. Developed in the 1970s, it advocates measures to promote economic development and is used to guide the transition from planned to market economies in former communist countries.
Network: Any structure of communication for individuals and/or organisations to exchange information, share experiences or discuss political goals and tactics.
Normativity: The systematic analyses of the ethical, moral and political principles that either govern the norm of behaviour or crime or violence; the belief that theories should be concerned with what ought to be, rather than what is.
O
Olympism: Olympism, as defined by the Olympic charter, is a philosophy of life, an ideology containing core values, tolerance, generosity, solidarity, friendship, nondiscrimination and respect for others – refer to Principle 2 of the Olympic charter.
Ontology: The study of what is. It is about the nature of being.
Organic intellectual: All people are intellectuals, but not all people have the opportunity to function as intellectuals (adapted from Gramsci).
P
Paralympic: Competitive sport for athletes in ‘disability sports’. All Paralympic Games are governed by the International Paralympic Committee (IPC).
Pedagogy: The theory and practice of education; for Freire, the aim of good pedagogy was to enable people to increase their understanding of their own objective conditions.
Politics: The practice of the art or science of directing and administering states or other political units, or the pursuit of achieving one’s goals or outcomes or making the art of the possible.
Political economy: The branch of politics concerned with the nature of the wealth of nations and the political aspects of economic policy-making.
Post-colonial: A field of enquiry and collection of concepts aimed at illuminating, as well as criticising, the cultural, intellectual, literary and epistemological dominance of the modern West over countries previously colonised by Western imperial power.
Poverty: In the most orthodox view, a situation suffered by people who do not have money to buy food and satisfy other basic material needs. In an alternative view, a situation suffered by people who are not able to meet their material and non-material needs through their own efforts.
Power: In the most general sense, the ability of a political actor to achieve its goals.
Public intellectual: Able to work on behalf of the public on public issues for the public and those who speak the truth to power.
R
Racism: Prejudice, discrimination or antagonism directed against someone of a different race, based on the belief that one’s own race is superior.
Realist: An approach that sees power as the prime motivation or driving force of all political life. Adopts a limited view of power that focuses on the group and not the individual.
Religion: The Latin religonem refers to respect or care for what is sacred; often refers to systems of belief or rituals focused on ethics, a divine order and afterlife.
Rights: An entitlement to act or be treated in a particular way; can be legal and/or moral, negative or positive. Liberals have focused on individual rights, and others act to claim group rights.
Risk: A probability of threat of damage, injury, liability, loss or other negative occurrence that is caused by external or internal vulnerabilities and may be neutralised through pre-emptive action.
S
Sectarianism: A system of attitudes, actions, beliefs and structures, at personal, communal and institutional levels, which always involves religion and typically involves a negative mixing of religion and politics.
Secular: Not related to religion or spirituality.
Sexuality: An understanding of sexuality that goes beyond biological differentiation of male and female to emphasise the complexity of sexual orientation and construction in society; sexuality as a concept distinct from sex and gender was introduced by writers such as Simone de Beauvoir.
Slums: UN Habitat defines a slum household as a group of individuals living under the same roof in an urban area who lack one or more of the following: durable housing of a permanent nature that protects from extreme climate conditions; sufficient living space that means that no more than three people share the same room; easy access to safe water in sufficient amounts at an affordable price; access to adequate sanitation in the form of private or public toilets shared by a reasonable number of people; security of tenure that prevents forced evictions.
Social capability: An approach to inequality that is broader than just the material aspects of inequality but recognises that a gap may exist between groups or countries in terms of capability. Inequalities of capability need to be recognised as much as economic inequalities. The approach is closely associated with the work of Amartya Sen.
Social capital: Often associated with a theory of social networks and the norms of reciprocity and trust that they facilitate; for some, it is the outcome of the ability to work together, with communication, cooperation and political action being some of the key factors.
Social change: Various social processes whereby the values, attitudes or institutions of society, such as education, sport, family, religion and politics, become modified. It includes both the natural process and action programmes initiated by members of the community. Not to be confused with social development or social movements.
Social determinants: The social and environmental conditions in which people live and work.
Social forums: The World Social Forum is an annual meeting of civil society organisations, first held in Brazil, that offers a self-conscious effort to develop an alternative future through the championing of counter-hegemonic globalization. Some consider the World Social Forum to be a physical manifestation of global civil society, as it brings together non-governmental organisations, advocacy campaigns, as well as formal and informal social movements seeking international solidarity.
Social history: Any study of the past that emphasises predominantly ‘social’ concerns. Social history often refers to the history of ordinary people.
Social inequality: Unequal rewards or opportunities for different individuals within a group or groups within or between societies. Inequality is often limited to two notions of inequality, namely inequality of condition and inequality of opportunity. The notion of power is important in relation to patterns of social inequality, as is the notion of uneven development between areas of the world.
Social media: The various online technology tools that enable people to communicate easily via the internet to share information and resources.
Social mobility: A problematic term that generally refers to the movement of individuals or groups between different positions within a social system of stratification. Types of social mobility commonly referred to are those of vertical and horizontal social mobility. Social mobility is often examined in terms of class or income.
Social movement: Many definitions exist. Social movements have traditionally been defined as organised efforts to bring about social change. A number of components are common to most definitions: an antagonist group; joint collective action; change-orientated goals; some social solidarity around common goals. They often involve collective challenges (to elites, authorities, other groups or cultural codes) by people with common purpose and solidarity in sustained interactions with elites, opponents and authorities.
Society: The totality of social relationships among organised groups of human beings or animals.
Soft power: The ability to affect others to obtain the outcomes through attraction rather than coercion or payment.
Spirituality: The practice and outworking of the spirit and the different ways in which this may be developed. Spirituality is relational, action-centred and about making connections with different aspects of life.
Sport: The 1992 European Charter: Sport means all forms of physical activity that, through casual or organised participation, aim at expressing or improving physical fitness and mental well-being, forming social relationships or obtaining results in competition at all levels.
Or:
The United Nations: Incorporated into the definition of ‘sport’ are all forms of physical activity that contribute to physical fitness, mental well-being and social interaction. These include: play; recreation; organised, casual or competitive sport; and indigenous sports or games.
Sport for change: Where sport is intentionally used to deliver social impact.
Sporting mega-events: Cultural and sporting festivals that achieve sufficient size and scope to affect whole economies and receive sustained international media attention – see Roche’s work in this area.
State: A distinct set of political institutions whose specific concern is with the organisation of domination, in the name of the common interest, within a delimited territory.
Sustainability (or sustainable development): Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
T
Tradition: A set of social practices that seeks to celebrate and inculcate certain behavioural norms and values, implying continuity with a real or imagined past, and associated with widely accepted rituals or forms of symbolic behaviour.
Traditional intellectual: Able to work on behalf of, or in opposition to, the status quo.
Transgender: A gender expression and a movement that differ from assigned sex; a desire to have equal rights; a challenge to orthodox sex and gender constructs.
Transnational: Extending beyond the boundaries and interests of a single nation.
V
Vernacular intellectual: Intellectuals as individuals who address and confront social injustice from both inside and outside traditional academic or political spheres; the vernacular intellectual, unlike the traditional or organic intellectual, is in no way connected to organised political structures.
Violence: The intentional use of physical force or power, threatened or actual, against another person or against oneself or a group of people, that results in or has a high likelihood of resulting in injury, death, psychological harm, maldevelopment or deprivation.
Volunteer: An individual who provides support or services at no financial cost to an organisation or association, such as a charity, a political association or a sports club.
W
Well-being: The satisfactory state someone or something should be in, which expands beyond health to factors such as happiness, safety and prosperity.
Resource List
- Resource List (DOC)
Weblinks
All links provided below were active on website launch. However, due to the dynamic nature of the Internet, links do occasionally become inactive. If you find a link that has become inactive, please try using a search engine to locate the website in question.
Introduction
A factbook of information on different countries
www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/
The CIA World Factbook provides information about different countries. Use it to find out background information on different parts of the world.
Sport and Development Platform
www.sportanddev.org
The International Platform is dedicated to the field of sport & development.
Sport Matters
www.blogs.hss.ed.ac.uk/sport-matters/
A dedicated sports blog on different social issues in sport.
The Foreign Policy Centre
www.fpc.org.uk
A progressive foreign affairs think tank. Use the search facility to find information on sport and foreign policy.
The International Olympic Movement
www.olympic.org
The official website of the Olympic Movement. Explore this resource with a view to finding out about Olympism in action or the changing nature of the countries involved, and where major events are held.
Online Resource Centre
Visit the online resource centre that accompanies this book to access more resources.
www.routledge.com/cw/jarvie
Chapter 1
British Sociological Association
www.britsoc.co.uk
The home of the British Sociological Association and information about its work, including the BSA Sport and Leisure Study Group.
Fabian Society
www.fabians.org.uk
A forum for information about global issues.
Foreign Policy in Focus
http://fpif.org
An international foreign policy think tank that keeps you in touch with world events as they happen. Use the search facility to track down particular pieces on sport.
Sport and Citizenship
www.sportetcitoyennete.com/en/
A dedicated international forum that publishes up-to-date briefings on key social issues involving sport. The publications are very useful summaries of key current policy concerns.
World Economic Forum
www.weforum.org
The annual Davos forum for considering contemporary issues facing the world.
Chapter 2
International Society for the History of Physical Education and Sport
http://ishpes.org/web/
The International Society for the History of Physical Education and Sport provides for both an international and comparative perspective on physical education and sport. Its membership list and contacts provide for an international network of researchers interested in the history of physical education and sport in the broadest sense of the terms. It is a membership-based society.
International Society of Olympic Historians
http://isoh.org
A specialist society dedicated to exploring and recording Olympic history, whether it be fact, mythology, specific country focus or thematic. An international network of researchers, interested in exploring facets of Olympic history.
The British Society for Sports History
www.sportinhistory.org
The British Society for Sports History is a membership-based society that also runs the Sports Historian journal. It is one of the oldest history-of-sport societies, and, although its focus is mainly the British Isles, this is not at the expense of a broader international perspective. It holds an annual conference.
The North American Society for Sports History (NASSH)
www.nassh.org/NASSH/
One of the largest international societies with an interest in sports history, it both publishes an international journal and hosts an annual conference. Membership is drawn from many different countries, but mainly the US and Canada.
The International Journal of the History of Sport
www.tandfonline.com/toc/fhsp20/current#.Va46dBZCg6U
A journal that prioritises an interest in international aspects of sports history.
Chapter 3
Deloitte Annual Review of Football Finance
www2.deloitte.com/uk/en/pages/sports-business-group/articles/annual-review-of-football-finance.html
A series of annual reports on the finances of world football.
Stefan Szymanski Reports on Sports Finance and Economics
https://ideas.repec.org/e/psz8.html
A source of papers on sports finances and economics provided by one of the world’s leading commentators on sport and the economy.
The economy and sports
www.sportanddev.org/en/learnmore/sport_and_economic_development/
A resource that provides information on sport’s role in international economic development.
The International Labour Organization and Sport
www.ilo.org/global/statistics-and-databases/lang--en/index.htm
Use this website to specifically research work on sport sponsored by the International Labour Organization. Place the word sport in the search facility and discover.
The Scorecard
www.thescorecard.org
The Scorecard publishes work by the world’s leading academic thinkers. It explores, explains and analyses key issues in the business and management of sport.
Chapter 4
Magic Bus Charity
www.magicbusuk.org/
The Magic Bus mission is to give millions of children living in poverty the opportunity to control the way they view the world, the freedom to choose the role they will play in it, and the power to define their own destiny.
The Mathare Youth Sports Association – Kenya
www.mysakenya.org/
A grassroots community-based development programme.
The Homeless World Cup
www.homelessworldcup.org/
The Homeless World Cup was established in 2003, although conceived of in 2001. It was established with backing from the International Network of Street Papers. It was and is developed to promote social opportunities, including access to support services for participants experiencing homelessness and other associated social disadvantage. The website provides an empirical assessment of the impact of the Homeless World Cup.
The Right to Play
www.righttoplay.com
The Right to Play organisation’s website outlines its history, impact and research. Its mission is to improve the lives of children in some of the most disadvantaged areas of the world by using the power of sport and play for development, health and peace.
United Nations
www.unitednations.org
The main United Nations website, which outlines the work of the organisation. In particular, look at the sport and development work carried out by the United Nations under consecutive secretary-generals of the United Nations General Assembly; also refer to www.sportanddev.org
Chapter 5
European Football Players Union
www.fifpronet.com/
FIFPro is the worldwide representative organisation for all professional footballers.
The Centre for Sports Policy Studies
www.physical.utoronto.ca/Centre_for_Sport_Policy_Studies.aspx
Access to campaigns, projects and publications involving the University of Toronto Centre for Sport Policy development and advocacy.
The International Olympic Committee
www.olympic.org/ioc
The official website of the Olympic Movement contains a number of valuable sources of information about Olympism in sport.
Political Studies Association Sports Group
www.sportpolitics.net/
The dedicated Political Studies Association runs a specialist politics-of-sport subgroup. You can access the annual conference presentations and overviews through this website.
When politics enters sports
http://blogs.reuters.com/sport/2010/05/05/when-politics-enters-sports/
A debate about politics and sport that draws on US basketball as the focus for discussion.
Chapter 6
Global Goals
www.globalgoals.org/
A list of global goals to be realised by 2030.
International Labour Organisation
www.ilo.org/global/lang--en/index.htm
Use this website to search for international labour organisation activities in and through sport.
One World
http://oneworld.net/
A dedicated resource promoting the concept of One World and the issues that affect it. Look at the issues affecting your country.
Globalization 101
www.globalization101.org/
A contemporary guide to globalisation challenges you to think about many of the controversies surrounding globalisation and promotes an understanding of the trade-offs and dilemmas facing policymakers.
International Sports Organisations
www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/[email protected]
A list of international sports organisations – how many of them are global?
Chapter 7
Sports Court of Arbitration
www.tas-cas.org/en/index.html
A dedicated forum for up-to-date information on sport and the law cases.
Sport Governance – What Are We Talking About?
www.isportconnect.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=18753&Itemid=166
An international platform for sportconnect, which raises sports issues.
Governance Process
Governance Process
A dedicated resource for governance issues.
Transparency International
www.transparency.org/about/
An organisation that works to bring about transparency in international organisations.
World Anti-Doping Agency
www.wada-ama.org/
The work of the World Anti-Doping Agency can be found at this site.
Chapter 8
All-African Games
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Games
A history of the All-African Games.
Asian Games
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_Games
A history of the Asian Games.
Pan American Games
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_American_Games
A history of the Pan-American Games.
UNESCO on traditional games and sports
www.unesco.org/new/en/social-and-human-sciences/themes/physical-education-and-sport/traditional
UNESCO’s approach to traditional games and sport as the basis of community spirit and a celebration of cultural roots.
Community Sports Hubs
www.sportscotland.org.uk/clubs/community_sport_hubs/what_is_a_community_sport_hub
What is a community sports hub?
Chapter 9
Peace Players International
www.peaceplayersintl.org/
Use basketball as a tool to bridge divides, develop leaders and change perceptions.
Pan-American Sports Organisation
www.paso-odepa.org/en/
The official website of a pan-national sports organisation.
The United Nations Office on Sport for Development and Peace
www.un.org/sport/
The key website and resource for answers to why the United Nations is interested in sport. Look at the resources and fact sheets for detailed information on sport, peace and development, and other social areas.
International Labour Organisation and Sport
http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---asia/---ro-bangkok/---sro-new_delhi/documents/publication/wcms_436444.pdf
An international campaign to address child labour in sport in one country.
The Gaelic Athletic Association
www.gaa.ie/
The official website of the Gaelic Athletic Association.
Chapter 10
The Washington Post Sports
www.washingtonpost.com/sports
A day-by-day coverage of sport through the eyes of The Washington Post.
Sport and Citizenship
www.sportetcitoyennete.com/en/
A European think tank and membership organisation that aims to promote public dialogue around sport and social issues and promote European citizenship. The organisation publishes a number of informative research briefs on key topics.
UK Sports Network – Social Media and Sport
www.theuksportsnetwork.com/
A social media and sports network.
Sports Journalists Network
www.sportsjournalists.co.uk/
The UK sports journalists’ network and association.
CBC Sports
www.cbc.ca/sports/
Sports headlines as they appear in Canada.
Chapter 11
The Academy of Sport – University of Edinburgh
www.ed.ac.uk/education/academy-of-sport
The Academy of Sport strives to provide a vibrant gathering place for sports research, advocacy and impact as it aims to make a meaningful and enduring difference to the challenges and issues facing humanity.
International Sport and Culture Association
www.isca-web.org/english/
Use this international social forum to gain up-to-date information on education through sport. Access the website and use the search engine to access education projects around the world. Use the key word ‘education’ in the search box.
Centre for Sport and Social Impact
www.latrobe.edu.au/cssi
The Centre for Sport and Social Impact strives to influence the future of sport management practices and policy and their impact on society through real-world research and engagement with industry and government.
Magic Bus
www.magicbusuk.org
The Magic Bus mission is to give millions of children living in poverty the opportunity to control the way they view the world, the freedom to choose the role they will play in it, and the power to define their own destiny.
Tegla Loroupe Foundation
www.teglapeacefoundation.org/#
Tegla Loroupe Peace Foundation is a peace and development organisation that promotes peaceful co-existence and socio-economic development of poor and marginalised individuals and communities in northern Kenya and the Greater Horn of Africa region. The foundation uses sports as a tool to bring people together and for socio-economic development.
Chapter 12
Friends of Edusport
www.edusport.org.zm
A charity that looks to empower communities through sport.
Football for Development
www.sportanddev.org/en/newsnviews/news/?4221
A practical resource manual to facilitate development through football.
Education for All movement
www.unesco.org/new/en/education/themes/leading-the-international-agenda/education-for-all/
The Education for All (EFA) movement is a global commitment to provide quality basic education for all children, youth and adults.
Pedagogy of the Oppressed
www.goodreads.com/work/quotes/915602-pedagogy-of-the-opressed
A selection of quotations from the work of Paulo Freire.
Academy of Sport
www.ed.ac.uk/education/institutes/spehs/academy-of-sport
Access to sports education, impact, study and dialogue resources.
Chapter 13
Greenpeace
www.greenpeace.org.uk
Greenpeace defends the natural world and promotes peace by investigating, exposing and confronting environmental abuse, and championing solutions. Access the site and use the search facilities for (a) sport and (b) Olympic updates.
Sport and the environment
www.unep.org/sport_env/
The United Nations website for sport and the environment.
Sport Matters Blog on Sport and the Environment
www.blogs.hss.ed.ac.uk/sport-matters/2015/09/22/addressing-environmental-challenges-through-sport/
University Academy of Sport on sport and the environment.
United Nations Sustainable Development Goals
https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/?menu=1300
The 17 post-2015 sustainable development goals.
The International Olympic Committee
www.olympic.org/news/sustainability-and-legacy
The International Olympic Committee section on sport and environment.
Chapter 14
Football Unites, Racism Divides
www.furd.org/default.asp?intPageID=53
A series of reports that cover campaigns to address racism in European football.
Sport Canada
http://canada.pch.gc.ca/DAMAssetPub/DAM-PCH2-sport-sport/STAGING/texte-text/aborignial_v4_1427718207856_eng.pdf?WT.contentAuthority=13.0
Sport Canada’s policy on aboriginal people’s participation in sport.
UEFA Says No to Racism
www.uefa.org/social-responsibility/respect/no-to-racism/
One organisation’s campaign to fight racism in sport.
UK Conversation
http://theconversation.com/uk
A source of scholarly analysis on contemporary topics and social issues – use sport and racism as search terms to access a range of texts.
United Nations Fight Against Racism
www.un.org/en/letsfightracism/
A resource and network of contacts provided on the premise that racism, xenophobia and intolerance are problems prevalent in all societies.
Chapter 15
Fight for Peace
http://fightforpeace.net
Fight for Peace uses boxing and martial arts combined with education and personal development to realise the potential of young people in communities affected by crime and violence.
Keep Crime Out of Sport
http://pjp-eu.coe.int/en/web/crime-out-sport
The home page of the Council of Europe and European Union Joint Project, Keep Crime out of Sport (KCOOS), aimed at providing countries with technical assistance in implementing measures to combat match-fixing and to regulate sports betting.
Laureus Crime Prevention
www.laureus.com/taxonomy/term/131
An insight into programmes that use sport to support crime prevention.
Proteja Brazil and UNICEF
www.protejabrasil.com.br/us/
Proteja Brasil (Protect Brazil) is an application for smartphones and tablets created to enable reporting of violence against children and adolescents.
Rocks Twilight Basketball
www.glasgowrocks.co.uk/shell-twilight-basketball/
The impact of the Shell Twilight Basketball programme.
Chapter 16
Centre for Sport, Spirituality and Religion
www.glos.ac.uk/research/dse/cssr
A centre based at the University of Gloucestershire that focuses on research and outreach work.
The Maccabi Games
www.maccabiah.com/2017/eng/
The official website of Maccabi Games, dedicated to bringing Jewish youth of the world together through sport.
Muslim Women’s Sport Foundation
www.mwsf.org.uk
A volunteer-led charity with the overarching aim to increase the involvement of Muslim women and girls in sport, without compromising their religious or cultural values.
Sport and Christianity
http://sportsandchristianity.org
A dedicated blog covering sport and Christianity matters.
Verité Sport
www.veritesport.org
Verité Sport exists to promote a Christian presence in sport.
Chapter 17
European Women and Sport group
www.ews-online.com/
A network of European sports organisations supporting women and equality through sport.
Feminist Majority Foundation
www.feminist.org/sports/
The Feminist Majority Foundation (FMF), which was founded in 1987, is a cutting-edge organisation dedicated to women's equality, reproductive health and non-violence. In all spheres, FMF utilizes research and action to empower women economically, socially and politically. The organisation believes that feminists – both women and men, girls and boys – are the majority, but this majority must be empowered.
Out on the Fields
www.outonthefields.com/
Out on the Fields is the largest and the first international study conducted on homophobia in sport and the experiences of gay, lesbian and bisexual people, including athletes, in sporting culture. The research captures both the experiences (e.g. rates of participation, discrimination) as well as the perceptions (e.g. safety, acceptance). The final results were released in May 2015.
Pride Sport
www.pridesports.org.uk/
Pride Sports was founded in 2006 and was the first organisation, and is still one of only two organisations, in the UK working to challenge homophobia in sport and improve access to sport for all LGBTI people across the world.
Women’s Sports Foundation
www.womenssportsfoundation.org/
The work of the Women’s Sports Foundation is cited in this chapter as an example of a dedicated foundation contributing to the broader work of the Women’s International Sports Movement. It has the potential to unite women across social divisions and differences, and, as such, its future remains international in focus and dependent on effective coalitions, both within sport and between sport and other forms of difference.
Chapter 18
Better Health Australia
www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/healthyliving/sports-and-physical-activity
Many Australians are not active enough to gain the health benefits of increased fitness, including reduced body fat, and they risk obesity, type 2 diabetes and coronary heart disease. In 2006–07, the estimated direct healthcare costs due to physical inactivity were almost $1.5 billion. See also www.healthyactive.gov.au. This website provides a range of information and initiatives on healthy eating, regular physical activity and obesity to assist all Australians to lead healthy and active lives.
The Global Observatory on Physical Activity
www.globalphysicalactivityobservatory.com/country-cards/
A resource that provides a global assessment of physical activity, country by country. An international organisation that monitors and evaluates physical activity levels, research and inactivity in different countries.
Social Determinants of Health
www.cpha.ca/en/programs/social-determinants/frontlinehealth/sdh.aspx
One country’s view on the social determinants of health (Canada).
Sport and Development
www.sportanddev.org/en/learnmore/sport_and_health/the_health_benefits_of_sport_and_physical_activity/
The Sport and Development website provides an international review of sport and physical activity health benefits within the context of development.
World Health Organisation
www.who.int/en/
The World Health Organisation is a specialised agency of the United Nations that is concerned with international public health.
Chapter 19
Disabled People’s International
www.dpi.org
A network of national organisations and assemblies of persons with disabilities, established to promote their human rights through full participation, equalization and development.
Disability Sport UK Organisation
www.disabilitysport.org.uk
DisabilitySport.org.uk is a guide to organised sport and recreational opportunities for people with disabilities at both local and international levels. Our mission is to facilitate access to disability sports by providing information on a wide range of sports and sports organisations, focusing on people with hearing, visual, physical and intellectual impairment.
International Paralympic Committee
www.paralympic.org
The vision, organisation and work of the International Paralympic Organisation, whose vision is to enable Para athletes to achieve sporting excellence and inspire and excite the world.
Ski-freedom
www.ski2freedom.com/en/disabled-skiing-europe/switzerland/davos
Enriching the lives of children and adults who are affected by a disability, special need or life-changing condition with the empowering benefits of year-round mountain activities.
UN Enable
www.un.org/esa/socdev/enable/disabout.htm
United Nations Enable is the official website of the secretariat for the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, in the Department of Economic and Social Affairs at the United Nations Secretariat.
Chapter 20
Olympic Cities
www.topendsports.com/events/summer/hosts/list.htm
Listed here are all the modern Summer Olympic Games host cities. Those cities with a link have more information about that host city.
Sporting Capital of the World
www.premier.vic.gov.au/melbourne-the-sporting-capital-of-the-world/
A look at sport in one city that is repeatedly cited as a top sporting city.
Sporting Cities
http://sportingcities.org
Sporting Cities is a directory of archival sources relating to the Summer Olympic Games.
Sporting Legacies
www.gov.scot/Publications/2014/04/2711/7
A review of the evidence of legacy from major sporting events.
UN-HABITAT
http://unhabitat.org
UN-Habitat is the United Nations programme working towards a better urban future. Its mission is to promote socially and environmentally sustainable human settlements development and the achievement of adequate shelter for all.
Chapter 21
Bicycle in Rwanda
www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2015/05/08/405192878/how-bicycles-are-helping-to-heal-rwanda
An example of how the bicycle is providing an alternative and helping to change a country's image, as well as helping its citizens to heal.
X Games
http://xgames.espn.com/xgames/
The official site of one of the world’s largest extreme sports events.
Parkour
http://parkour.com
The website of the Parkour Association, providing up-to-date news on events, articles and general news.
Surfers against Sewage
www.sas.org.uk
An environmental campaign group with a mission to clear the UK coastline of sewage.
The Future of Extreme Sports
http://futureof.org/sports/extreme-adventure-sports
An assessment of what the future holds for extreme and adventure sports.
Chapter 22
Council of Europe
www.coe.int/en/web/secretary-general/home
Use this resource to search for speeches and policies taking steps to regulate sports gambling, human rights and labour laws.
Gambling Act 2005
www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201213/cmselect/cmcumeds/421/421.pdf
The House of Commons report into gaming and gambling in the UK provides a useful source of background information on key issues.
I Trust Sport
www.itrustsport.com/sports-governance/sports-corruption/
A popular sports site that covers a broad range of sport and corruption issues.
Transparency International
www.transparency.org/research/gcr/
A website that focuses upon corruption and advocates for better governance in a range of areas, including sport.
United Nations
www.unglobalcompact.org/library/3091
A United Nations resource on fighting corruption in sport sponsorship and hospitality.
Chapter 23
SALT
https://saltacademy.wordpress.com
A Cambodia-based charity that uses a holistic approach to sport, education and community leadership.
Human Rights Watch
https://careers.hrw.org
An organisation dedicated to protecting the rights of people around the world. Place the word ‘sport’ into the search facility and read the results of your search.
The Mathare Youth Sports Association – Kenya
www.mysakenya.org/
A grassroots community-based development programme.
The Homeless World Cup
www.homelessworldcup.org/about/
The Homeless World Cup was established in 2003, although conceived of in 2001. It was established with backing from the International Network of Street Papers. It was developed and is held to promote social opportunities, including access to support services for participants experiencing homelessness and other associated social disadvantage.
United Nations
www.unitednations.org/
The main United Nations website, which outlines the work of the organisation. In particular, look at the sport and development work carried out by the United Nations under consecutive secretary-generals of the United Nations General Assembly – also refer to www.sportanddev.org
Chapter 24
Greenpeace
www.greenpeace.org/international/en/
The story that Greenpeace tells is that a better world is possible, and that brave individual and collective action can make that world a reality. A greener and more peaceful world is the quest. Search the website to access sports issues.
International Sport and Culture Association
www.isca-web.org
This website will take you into the work of a sports organisation that aims to build international relations between people, cultures, organisations and sectors. Seeing sport as a culture of movement, it aims to develop opportunities for learning, inspiration and action to induce social change.
Women’s Sports International
www.sportsbiz.bz/womensportinternational/
The global voice of research-based advocacy for women’s sports. See also the work of the Women’s Sports Foundation: www.womenssportsfoundation.org
The Black Power Salute that Rocked the Olympics
http://time.com/3880999/black-power-salute-tommie-smith-and-john-carlos-at-the-1968-olympics/
In the course of 48 hours, Tommie Smith and John Carlos went from being celebrated to hated by many Americans. Two days after winning gold and bronze in the 200-metre sprint at the 1968 Mexico City Summer Olympic Games, both were suspended by the United States Olympic Committee for protesting against the racism experienced by black Americans and others. As the national anthem played, the pair bowed their heads and raised black-gloved fists to bring attention to the injustices of black Americans. The athletes were stripped of their credentials and forced to leave the Olympic Village. At home, they would receive death threats, and finding employment became harder.
Workers Sports Movement
www.wcml.org.uk/our-collections/object-of-the-month/workers-sports-movement-pamphlet/
Access to information about the history of the Workers’ Sports Movement’s struggles for sport and recreation.
Chapter 25
Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs (USA)
https://eca.state.gov/programs-initiatives/sports-diplomacy
The Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs' (ECA) mission is to increase mutual understanding between the people of the United States and the people of other countries by means of educational and cultural exchanges that assist in the development of peaceful relations.
Peace and Sport Watch
www.peace-sport.org/watch-en/
A series of international opinions on the use of sport to build peace, reconciliation and resilience.
Persuasion and Power in the Modern World
www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld201314/ldselect/ldsoftpower/150/150.pdf
A House of Lords report into the use of hard power and soft power as instruments of foreign policy that implicate the use of sport.
The Global Sports Political Power Index
www.dif.dk/en/om_dif/powerindex
DIF have developed a formal global sport political power index to provide a picture of how Denmark is performing in relation to other countries, and to identify which nations DIF ought to cooperate with.
The United Nations Office on Sport for Development and Peace
www.un.org/sport/
The key website and resource for answers to why the United Nations is interested in sport. Look at the resources and fact sheets for detailed information on sport, peace and development, and other social areas.
Chapter 26
Amnesty International
www.amnesty.org/en/
Through detailed research and determined campaigning, Amnesty International helps to: fight abuses of human rights worldwide, bring torturers to justice, change oppressive laws and free people jailed just for voicing their opinion.
Human Rights Watch
https://careers.hrw.org
Established in 1978, Human Rights Watch is known for its accurate fact-finding, impartial reporting, effective use of media, and targeted advocacy, often in partnership with local human rights groups. Each year, Human Rights Watch publishes more than 100 reports and briefings on human rights conditions in some 90 countries, generating extensive coverage in local and international media.
Sport and Human Rights
www.amnesty.org.uk/issues/Sport-and-human-rights
A dedicated source of information on sport and human rights.
Transparency International
www.transparency.org
Transparency International is the global civil society organisation leading the fight against corruption. It brings people together in a powerful worldwide coalition to end the devastating impact of corruption on men, women and children around the world. TI's mission is to create change towards a world free of corruption.
United Nations
www.un.org/en/index.html
The website of the United Nations.
Chapter 27
Sport and Development Platform
www.sportanddev.org/
The platform is a website dedicated to sport and development. It is an online resource and communication tool.
United Nations and Sport
www.un.org/wcm/content/site/sport/home/unplayers/unoffice
Explore the role of the United Nations in promoting peace and development through the resources on this website.
The Academy of Sport – University of Edinburgh
www.ed.ac.uk/education/academy-of-sport
Two premises guide the work of the Academy: that sport has a part to play in addressing the challenges that face humanity in the twenty-first century, and to serve as an independent think tank that addresses such challenges.
Peace and Sport
www.peace-sport.org/
An international forum supported by the UN, dedicated to peace, sport and development.
Chapter 28
The Academy of Sport – University of Edinburgh
www.ed.ac.uk/education/academy-of-sport
The Academy of Sport strives to provide a vibrant gathering place for sports research, advocacy and impact as it aims to make a meaningful and enduring difference to the challenges and issues facing humanity.
The Brookings Institution
www.brookings.edu
A source of policy information about the global economy and development.
Reflections on Being a Public Intellectual
www.palgrave.com/gp/why-publish/author-perspectives/sociologist-as-public-intellectuals
Reflections from a sociologist working on sports issues.
Sport and Citizenship
www.sportetcitoyennete.com/en/
A European think tank and membership organisation that aims to promote public dialogue around sport and social issues and promote European citizenship. The organisation publishes a number of informative research briefs on key topics.
The University of Toronto
www.physical.utoronto.ca/Centre_for_Sport_Policy_Studies.aspx
A critical centre for sports policy and studies analysis.